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His company then sold the rights to use the to Intel, with the exception of use in business calculators. Intel then designed the on their own, but the chip was a commercial failure due to various reasons. He was then employed to implement the transistor-level logic of Intel's next microprocessor, which became the Intel he was not involved in creation of and He moved to Zilog in and, using only a small number of assistants, developed the transistor-level and physical implementation of the Z80, which Faggin had made instruction compatible with Intel This was followed by the same task for the bit Z Due to Intel lacking logic engineers to understand the logic schematics or circuit engineers to convert them, Intel asked Shima to simplify the logic.
They both eventually realized the 4-bit microprocessor concept, with the help of Intel's Stanley Mazor to interpret the ideas of Shima and Hoff. After Shima went back to Japan in late and then returned to Intel in early , he found that no further work had been done on the since he left, and that Hoff was no longer working on the project. The project leader had become Federico Faggin , who had only joined Intel a week before Shima arrived.
After explaining the project to Faggin, Shima worked with him to design the processor, with Shima responsible for the chip's logic. His company then sold the rights to use the to Intel, with the exception of use in business calculators. Shima then joined Intel in Shima moved to Zilog in and, using only a small number of assistants, [7] developed the transistor-level and physical implementation of the Zilog Z80 , under the supervision of Faggin, who conceived and designed the Z80 architecture to be instruction set compatible with the Intel This was followed by the same task for the bit Z The schematics were therefore hard to read, but as transistors were drawn in such a way that they suggested a "floorplan" of the chip, [8] it actually helped when making the physical chip layout.
Shima was recruited by Intel to design the 8-bit microprocessor, and later moved to Zilog with Federico Faggin and Ralph Ungermann to develop the highly successful z In , he became professor at Aizu University in Japan, and retired in CHM will be closed for a facilities upgrade from Jan. But in the case of Intel, after we made the chip, we then sent the functional specs to the customer.
For a limited number of customers we sent functional specifications. But in the case of Motorola, before the product came out, they sent the document to the customer, saying there will be such-and-such a new product. The success of , I think, came from very many things, e. I also had the background in software. I also knew all of the desktop calculator's logic.
Ted Hoff had experience in mainframe computers and decimal computers. We were able to integrate those experiences, backgrounds, and ideas together. Also at that time as I told you there was one more engineer, a software engineer, Stan Mazor. He was not able to bring out any new good ideas. But he was able to transfer my ideas to Ted Hoff, and Ted Hoff's ideas to me.
He did this quite well. Without Stan Mazor, we would not have been able to reach that four-bit idea so quickly. When I explained something related to software to Stan Mazor, he interpreted what I wanted to do, what program I sought, then he told it to Ted Hoff. But unfortunately, by the end of , Busicom and Intel were not able to reach a final agreement, and we had found out we needed a few more months.
Then I came back to Japan to finalize the document, and to finalize the program. For my part, the product was desktop calculators instead of LSI itself. Therefore, I made a lot of programs. There were several choices for the instructions modifications. The data exchange instruction between accumulation and the general purpose register was chosen instead of data move from the accumulator to the general purpose register.
I finalized all of them by the end of March Then I visited Intel once again. That time I was told from Busicom that my main job was just to check what Intel was doing. When I went to Intel, unfortunately, I found out they had not done anything! One engineer, Federico Faggin, had joined Intel one week before I went there. Ted Hoff said, "I'm going to do some other things.
Therefore, Federico will do everything for you. But I didn't know Federico had joined Intel only one week before I came. I said, "Show me the schematic. Tell me what is a , what is a , and so on. At that time when I went to Intel, nothing had been done. I was mad! But finally we decided that I would do the 's logic schematic, and Intel will do all of the other jobs.
Because I was not able to do both a circuit design and also layout. What I was able to do was to implement logic and generate the test pattern. Then I asked him how to draw the logic schematic to be usable for circuit design. He said, "It is relatively simple, MOS layout is in only two dimensions. Suppose you placed metal this way Y direction , you have to bring the signal from this way X direction , to this way by polysilicon or diffusion.
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Then place transistor. That's all. Fortunately, I had lots of experience in layout of PC boards. Therefore, somehow I had a very similar experience to semiconductor layout. Thus, I was able to make a logic schematic very quickly. I will show you two things. This is the logic schematic, and here is the general-purpose register.
This is the four-level stack with a one-program counter. Here are sets of the general purpose register. This is the main logic controller including the instruction register. I made up the logic schematic diagram this way. This is the chip photograph; layout is exactly the same as logic schematics. Once the logic schematic was done, it was relatively easy to do the circuit design because you can see what material has to be used, and also how much length.
It is easy to do not only the circuit design, but also the layout. Federico did a good circuit design, introducing many, many new techniques, such as bootstrapping. We were able to make all four chips within one year, with only one mistake in the memory area. After I made a logic schematic, I did two kinds of jobs: one was with the logic simulation, which tool was developed by Ted Hoff.
But there was one restriction. Therefore, it was quite simple. At the same time, I sent all the schematics to Busicom. Busicom made a breadboard. They also found one logical mistake. But that logical mistake was also found by the simulation just before it was found by breadboarding. Therefore, we were sure the logic was good. We were just waiting for the chip to be made.
After I finished the logic simulations, I developed a test program with a testing company whose name was Pacific Western or Western Pacific. They had the small testers which used a drum to store the test pattern. There I found one mistake. Some questions arose: how to test internal operations such as a carry flag, keeping the tester program to be minimum.
Then I added one function on the processor. There was one time slot, which I had never used. At that time slot, the contents of the conditional flag and the contents of the accumulator were sent out through the 4 bit multiplexed bus. That improvement simplified the test programming work significantly. Then I finalized all of the schematics. At the end of , I came back to Japan.
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But before that, I had to visit NCR and the European sales companies, to do marketing for next generation desktop calculators. I asked Busicom for three days for each trip from one place San Francisco to the next place New York. I needed one day for discussion, one day for writing the trip report, and one day for moving. The company said okay, but I did everything within two days.
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I had one full day for sightseeing! Then after I came back to Japan, I made the development system. When the development system was complete, shift register and RAM chips were fully functional. But I was not able to use ROM. Then, I made a special memory board to emulate the ROM function. I picked up the standard static memories, and then I made the same logic as read-only memory.
I used an IBM card reader for loading the program.
I made a set of development systems. Then I waited for the I remember the came to Japan in March or April It took us a relatively long time to get the components because nobody imported this type of product. But finally, when the chip arrived, I tested the processor by simple instructions. Before exercising the processor, I made lots of test programs, to test such-and-such and this one test for such-and-such.
When the processor arrived, I loaded a simple test program through the IBM card reader. I saw that the system looked functional. Since many people were watching what I was doing, then I loaded the entire desktop calculator program. The total size was 1K byte. Then I depressed the reset switch, and once this reset switch was depressed, all of the indicator lamps were turned on, which meant all of the output prints were floating, ready for starting.
Then next I released the reset switch. Once you can see the lamps to show the address, accumulators and flag, you can guess what kind of programming was running. I judged the keyboard scanning program was running. Let us see. The system was fully functional, which meant that the chip was fully functional. All of the calculator functions were fully functional.
That was most delightful and exciting. Many people have asked me, How did you feel about 's completion? I never felt I did a good job. My main job was to develop desktop calculators, rather than making the LSI components. After I developed the , Busicom developed several office machines with the , such as a teller machine, billing machine, and cash register.
Its main customer was NCR. Many times people kept saying that Busicom developed the for only desktop calculators. But many times I tried to speak out against that. Busicom's primary target with was desktop calculators, but Busicom planned to use for scientific calculators, teller machines, billing machines, cash registers, and so on, telling the plans to Intel in late As I said, most of those products were OEM-based systems and no one knows what processor was used in the system.
On the other hand, Intel was not able to see the microprocessor. There was one good advantage for using a microprocessor, such as the I was able to introduce new functions to desktop calculators, adding the extra program. For example, before the introduction of the microprocessor into the desktop calculator with printers, no one used input buffers for keyboards, due to the expense of hardware logic controllers.
While the printing was executed, the keyboard was locked or the keyboard was never scanned. I worked with the production people. At that time there were two testing methods: one from NCR, an automatic tester using a robot, and the other one by testing people. But the testing people's key touch was shorter than the robot, I mean the key contact time.
Also, we found out that eight strokes would be enough for input buffering. Then I introduced keyboard function into desktop calculators by adding new keyboard programs. That was quite valuable to the customer. We received very good response from many customers and local sales offices. Just after system development engineer used the microprocessor, they found out that they will be able to add higher value, adding more valuable functions by adding only one program.
Well received, yes. This means with the introduction of the microprocessor, we were able to introduce new functions. That everybody found out. At that time Busicom had some money troubles for mass production. I knew that I would not be able to have a challenging job at Busicom any more. In only three desktop calculator companies were able to move to very, very high volume with very low price.
Therefore, after I transferred these desktop calculators into production, and also taught them how to develop teller machines, billing machines, and so on — in order to enter into the applications where much higher product margin can be expected — I moved to Ricoh Corporation. There I did many interesting jobs.
In Ricoh there are many, many engineering groups. I joined their business computing group. They wanted to make interfaces for mini-computers. Ricoh was importing a graphics terminal, for graphics computers: a big CRT integrated with the minicomputer. They wanted to connect that graphics computer to Hitachi's mainframes through the channel controller.
They asked me to make such an interface. I had to study what channel controllers and graphics computers were. A third job: Ricoh was selling business computers. They used a drum instead of a hard disk. They wanted to make a production tester for the drum. They asked me to make a production tester to test four drums at the same time.
I said, "I don't know how to do it. You may use that one. I also had the chance to study drums once again. Through this job, fortunately, I was able to experience all the necessary technologies for development of 8-bit microprocessor. By that time the teletype typewriter was quite popular. But its top speed was only 10 characters per second.
Ricoh planned to develop much faster printers, characters per second — three times as fast. Their plan was to replace the mechanical control so that partial control is done electrically, and partial control is done mechanically. They intended to integrate the mechanical and electronic control together. Then they asked me: Why don't you make a controller?
They said, "We want to accelerate like this way, and decelerate like this way. I did a search of four different types of jobs, then I moved to Intel. Intel had already developed the , but it was not successful. As I said, they were a memory company. Can I ask you a couple of questions before you go on? Can you tell me a little bit about Ricoh's place in the industry?
What was its main business line? Ricoh's main business at that time was the copier. Their second business was cameras.
Then the business computer area. That development group is located in Yokohama. Did they have a particularly large part of the business computer market? Or were they particularly dynamic? What was it about the company that attracted you to go join them? One day I consulted with an ex-Busicom sales manager about leaving Busicom.
He knew one of the engineering directors at Ricoh. At that time, Ricoh was well-known as the fast growing company in the office automation business. I thought I might be able to have some challenging job at Ricoh. The other thing that surprises me: Here you are trained originally as an organic chemist, and you're now doing not only electrical things and logic design, but you're also doing controllers, which are mechanical as well as electronic.
Suppose you wanted to know some fundamental things related to your professional area. Can you ask such things to your colleagues or manager in the same research group? In the United States, it is relatively easy because people are very open. But in Japan, people never ask questions related to one's profession. Nobody wants to say, "I don't know.
I never studied about such things in a university. Simply I would say, "I don't know. Tell me. Teach me. That was so. I was not a competitor. I was just going to support him, help him, always, and so he could give information to me. For example, when I worked at Intel, I never studied semiconductor physics and manufacturing.
But, I studied how to use it very deeply. Therefore, to them I was not a competitor. But after I became successful in microprocessors, many people joined the microprocessor development group. They felt I was a competitor. Also, when I developed the Z I was in the mainstream, and there were lots of competitors.
Everybody wanted to take my place. It was a very tough job to develop the state of art product. But, always, I had chances to develop the most advanced microprocessor ahead of competitors. Thus, all of necessary information regarding technologies and marketing information from customers came to me. What I had to do was to study and analyze them, then generalize from them for optimization.
Gelbach, who was a vice president for sales.
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They said they wanted to improve the The itself looked okay, but nobody used it. I explained to them it was because of the lack of a system concept. The concept of the was the replacement of the character manipulation function in the intelligent terminal. Intel forgot and was not able to show to customers how to solve their problems at the system level.
They forgot about that in the They developed the , but that was all. So the customer has to use about 30 TTL to make the system interface. There was no advantage in using the further. They wanted to develop the I said to them, if you get a permanent visa for me while I am in Japan, I will go there. They were quite happy, but it was impossible to get the permanent visa while I was in Japan.
Finally, after four months effort, they found out it was impossible. Then Dr. Noyce made a call to Ricoh's top management: I need Shima. But that top management didn't know about my name.
Biography template for professionals: Masatoshi Shima (嶋 正利, Shima Masatoshi, born August 22, , Shizuoka) is a Japanese electronics engineer. He was one of the architects of the world's first microprocessor, the Intel In , Shima worked for Busicom in Japan, and did the logic design for a specialized CPU to be translated into.
Who is this Shima? They called me, and I went to the top management people's room. I explained what I did in Intel. They said, "You may go to Intel. But within four years you can come back. I wanted to do something now, and the microprocessor was one of them. Always I wanted to have a challenging job because I saw what Noyce did while I developed I was watching what he did.
I liked his lifestyle. I was quite strongly influenced by Dr. Without the invitation call from Dr. Noyce, most probably, I would not have joined Intel. Finally I decided to go to Intel because I had enough background in systems: controllers, minicomputers, architecture and so on.